Assessing the Benefits and Challenges of Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) for Atlantic Salmon Production

This review explores the potential of land-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) as an alternative to sea pen farming for Atlantic salmon, particularly in the post-smolt grow-out phase. It highlights key technological and physiological challenges, such as maintaining seawater quality and managing high-salinity waste. The authors emphasise the need for system-wide management of physical, chemical, and biological components to optimise fish welfare and growth. Sustainability assessments using life-cycle analysis (LCA) are discussed, noting that while RAS may have high energy demands, they offer significant environmental and biosecurity benefits. The review calls for a holistic approach to evaluating RAS efficiency and sustainability in meeting global salmon production demands.