Variations of aquaculture structures, operations, and maintenance with increasing ocean energy

This study examines how aquaculture systems adapt as production expands from sheltered coastal waters into more exposed, high‑energy marine environments. The publication reviews structural designs, operational practices, and maintenance requirements for bivalve, macroalgae, and marine finfish aquaculture under increasing wave, current, and wind conditions. 

By analysing current commercial and research developments in exposed aquaculture systems, the paper highlights the technological, biological, and operational innovations needed to ensure productivity, safety, and economic viability as aquaculture moves into harsher ocean settings.